The Dual Pathways of Job Demands and Resources, and the Role of Work Engagement as a Mediator of Innovative Work Behaviour in Indonesian Startups
Keywords:
Job demands, Job resources, JD-R, Work engagement, Innovative work behaviour, Startups, Flexible Working Arrangements
Abstract
This study examines the factors that influence Innovative Work Behaviour (IWB) among employees in Indonesian startups with Flexible Work Arrangements (FWA). Job demands (JD), job resources (JR), and work engagement (WE) were examined for their influence on innovative work behaviour (IWB). Data collection techniques included a survey of 258 startup employees undergoing FWA. Data processing techniques utilise SmartPLS 4.0, and sampling techniques were convenience. The results of the study accepted the hypothesis that job demands (JD) have a negative effect on work engagement (WE), while JD is not related to IWB; hence, this hypothesis was rejected. Conversely, JR has been proven to have a positive effect on both WE and IWB, and all related hypotheses are accepted. In addition, WE also has a positive effect on IWB. This study concluded that the innovative behaviour of employees in Indonesian startups, under flexible working arrangements, is influenced by work engagement (WE). Employee work engagement, under flexible working arrangements, also functions as a full mediating factor on the influence of job demands on innovative behaviour, and a partial mediating factor on the influence of job resources on employees innovative behaviour. These findings confirm the JD-R theory in explaining employee innovative behaviour, highlighting the importance of managing employee work engagement (WE) to address the challenges of an uncertain organisational environment in Indonesian startups.
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References
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Hair, J.F., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J. and Anderson, R.E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis. 7th ed. Andover, Hampshire, United Kingdom: Pearson Prantice Hall.
Hair, J.F., Hult, G.T.M., Ringle, C.M. and Sarstedt, M. (2017). A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Thousand Oaks, CA.: Sage Publications Inc.
Hair, J.F., Ringle, C.M. and Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed a Silver Bullet. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 19(2), pp.139–151.
Hair, J.F., Risher, J.J., Sarstedt, M. and Ringle, C.M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), pp.2–24.
Hu, L. and Bentler, P.M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), pp.1–55. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118.
Janssen, O. (2000). Job demands, perceptions of effort-reward fairness and innovative work behaviour. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 73(3), pp.287–302.
Jarvis, C., MacKenzie, Scott B. and Podsakoff, Philip M. (2003). A Critical Review of Construct Indicators and Measurement Model Misspecification in Marketing and Consumer Research. Journal of Consumer Research, 30(2), pp.199–218. doi:https://doi.org/10.1086/376806.
Jayapradesta, J. and Firdausy, C.M. (2024). Pengaruh organizational identification terhadap employees innovative work behavior melalui employee engagement sebagai variabel mediasi dan creative self-efficacy sebagai variabel moderasi pada karyawan start-up di Jakarta. Jurnal Manajemen Bisnis dan Kewirausahaan, 8(2), pp.455–467. doi:https://doi.org/10.24912/jmbk.v8i2.29693.
Kwon, K. and Kim, T. (2019). An integrative literature review of employee engagement and innovative behavior: Revisiting the JD-R model. Human Resource Management Review, [online] 30(2), p.100704. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2019.100704.
Mohajan, H.K. (2020). Quantitative research: a Successful Investigation in Natural and Social Sciences. Journal of Economic Development, Environment and People, [online] 9(4), pp.50–79. doi:https://doi.org/10.26458/jedep.v9i4.679.
Ogbonnaya, C., Daniels, K., Connolly, S. and van Veldhoven, M. (2017). Integrated and isolated impact of high-performance work practices on employee health and well-being: A comparative study. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 22(1), pp.98–114. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000027.
Purwanto, A., Asbari , M., Santoso, T.I., Sunarsi , D. and Ilham, D. (2021). Education Research Quantitative Analysis for Little Respondents: Comparing of Lisrel, Tetrad, GSCA, Amos, SmartPLS, WarpPLS, and SPSS. Jurnal Studi Guru dan Pembelajaran, 4(2), pp.335–350.
Purwanto, A. and Sudargini, Y. (2021). Partial Least Squares Structural Squation Modeling (PLS-SEM) Analysis for Social and Management Research : A Literature Review. Journal of Industrial Engineering & Management Research, 2(4), pp.114–123. doi:https://doi.org/10.7777/jiemar.v2i4.
Rahmadani, V.G., Schaufeli, W.B., Ivanova, T.Y. and Osin, E.N. (2019). Basic psychological need satisfaction mediates the relationship between engaging leadership and work engagement: A cross?national study. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 30(4), pp.453–471. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.21366.
Reig-Botella, A., Ramos-Villagrasa, P.J., Fernández-del Río, E. and Clemente, M. (2024). Don’t Curb Your Enthusiasm! The Role of Work Engagement in Predicting Job Performance. Revista de psicologi?a del trabajo y de las organizaciones/Revista de psicología del trabajo y de las organizaciones, 40(1), pp.51–60. doi:https://doi.org/10.5093/jwop2024a5.
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Tebai, Y., Maharani, D.A., Sunarwinadi, I.R.S. and Rahardjo, A. (2018). Cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric properties of a Mutual Understanding Scale (MUS) – Indonesia version. Journal of Stomatology, 71(4), pp.315–321. doi:https://doi.org/10.5114/jos.2018.83404.
Ugwu, F.O. and Onyishi, I.E. (2020). The moderating role of person-environment fit on the relationship between perceived workload and work engagement among hospital nurses. International Journal of Africa Nursing Sciences, 13, p.100225. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijans.2020.100225.
World Intellectual Property Organization (2024). Indonesia ranking in the Global Innovation Index 2024. [online] www.wipo.int. Available at: https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/indonesia.
Zeng, N., Liu, Y., Gong, P., Hertogh, M. and König, M. (2021). Do right PLS and do PLS right: A critical review of the application of PLS-SEM in construction management research. Frontiers of Engineering Management, 8(3), pp.356–369. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s42524-021-0153-5.
Ahmed, U., Shah, M.H., Siddiqui, B.A., Shah, S.A., Dahri, A.S. and Qureshi, M.A. (2017). Troubling Job Demands at Work: Examining the Deleterious Impact of Workload and Emotional Demands on Work Engagement. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, [online] 7(6), pp.96–106. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v7-i6/2949 [Accessed 16 Nov. 2024].
Alateeg, S. and Alhammadi, A. (2024). The role of employee engagement towards innovative work behavior mediated by leadership in small businesses. International journal of advanced and applied sciences, 11(2), pp.145–156. doi:https://doi.org/10.21833/ijaas.2024.02.016.
Babbie, E.R. (2013). The Practice of Social Research. 13th ed. Belmont, California: Wadsworth/Cengage Learning.
Bakker, A.B. and Demerouti, E. (2007). The Job Demands?Resources model: State of the art. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22(3), pp.309–328. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940710733115.
Bakker, A.B., Demerouti, E. and Sanz-Vergel, A.I. (2014). Burnout and work engagement: the JD–R approach. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 1(1), pp.389–411.
Barrett, R. and Mayson, S. (2008). The Relationship between Small Firm Growth and HRM Practices. International Handbook of Entrepreneurship and HRM. [online] doi:https://doi.org/10.4337/9781848441224.
Bergefurt, L., Appel-Meulenbroek, R., Maris, C., Arentze, T., Weijs-Perrée, M. and de Kort, Y. (2022). The influence of distractions of the home-work environment on mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. Ergonomics, [online] 66(1), pp.1–18. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2022.2053590.
Christian, M.S., Garza, A.S. and Slaughter, J.E. (2011). Work engagement: A quantitative review and test of its relations with task and contextual performance. Personnel Psychology, 64(1), pp.89–136. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2010.01203.x.
Costin, A., Roman, A.F. and Balica, R.-S. (2023). Remote work burnout, professional job stress, and employee emotional exhaustion during the COVID-19 pandemic. Frontiers in Psychology, [online] 14(1193854). doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1193854.
Crawford, E.R., LePine, J.A. and Rich, B.L. (2010). Linking Job Demands and Resources to Employee Engagement and burnout: a Theoretical Extension and meta-analytic test. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(5), pp.834–848.
De Spiegelaere, S., Van Gyes, G., Vandekerckhove, S. and Hootegem, G.V. (2012). Job Design and Innovative Work Behavior: Enabling Innovation Through Active or Low-Strain Jobs? SSRN Electronic Journal. doi:https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2158618.
Demerouti, E., Bakker, A.B., Nachreiner, F. and Schaufeli, W.B. (2001). The Job Demands-Resources Model of Burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), pp.499–512.
Dewi, G.D.P. and Lusikooy, A.E. (2023). E-commerce Transformation in Indonesia: Innovation and Creative Destruction. Nation state: Journal of International Studies, 6(2), pp.117–138. doi:https://doi.org/10.24076/nsjis.v6i2.1304.
Donbesuur, F., Boso, N. and Hultman, M. (2020). The effect of entrepreneurial orientation on new venture performance: Contingency roles of entrepreneurial actions. Journal of Business Research, 118, pp.150–161. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.06.042.
Eddleston, K.A. and Mulki, J. (2015). Toward Understanding Remote Workers’ Management of Work–Family Boundaries: The Complexity of Workplace Embeddedness. Group & Organization Management, 42(3), pp.346–387. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601115619548.
Engstrom, D.F. (2022). Digital Civil Procedure. [online] Penn Carey Law: Legal Scholarship Repository. Available at: https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/jcl/vol23/iss6/4/.
Fan, Y., Chen, J., Shirkey, G., John, R., Wu, S.R., Park, H. and Shao, C. (2016). Applications of structural equation modeling (SEM) in ecological studies: An updated review. Ecological Processes, 5, pp.1–12. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-016-0063-3.
Hair, J.F., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J. and Anderson, R.E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis. 7th ed. Andover, Hampshire, United Kingdom: Pearson Prantice Hall.
Hair, J.F., Hult, G.T.M., Ringle, C.M. and Sarstedt, M. (2017). A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Thousand Oaks, CA.: Sage Publications Inc.
Hair, J.F., Ringle, C.M. and Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed a Silver Bullet. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 19(2), pp.139–151.
Hair, J.F., Risher, J.J., Sarstedt, M. and Ringle, C.M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), pp.2–24.
Hu, L. and Bentler, P.M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), pp.1–55. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118.
Janssen, O. (2000). Job demands, perceptions of effort-reward fairness and innovative work behaviour. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 73(3), pp.287–302.
Jarvis, C., MacKenzie, Scott B. and Podsakoff, Philip M. (2003). A Critical Review of Construct Indicators and Measurement Model Misspecification in Marketing and Consumer Research. Journal of Consumer Research, 30(2), pp.199–218. doi:https://doi.org/10.1086/376806.
Jayapradesta, J. and Firdausy, C.M. (2024). Pengaruh organizational identification terhadap employees innovative work behavior melalui employee engagement sebagai variabel mediasi dan creative self-efficacy sebagai variabel moderasi pada karyawan start-up di Jakarta. Jurnal Manajemen Bisnis dan Kewirausahaan, 8(2), pp.455–467. doi:https://doi.org/10.24912/jmbk.v8i2.29693.
Kwon, K. and Kim, T. (2019). An integrative literature review of employee engagement and innovative behavior: Revisiting the JD-R model. Human Resource Management Review, [online] 30(2), p.100704. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2019.100704.
Mohajan, H.K. (2020). Quantitative research: a Successful Investigation in Natural and Social Sciences. Journal of Economic Development, Environment and People, [online] 9(4), pp.50–79. doi:https://doi.org/10.26458/jedep.v9i4.679.
Ogbonnaya, C., Daniels, K., Connolly, S. and van Veldhoven, M. (2017). Integrated and isolated impact of high-performance work practices on employee health and well-being: A comparative study. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 22(1), pp.98–114. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000027.
Purwanto, A., Asbari , M., Santoso, T.I., Sunarsi , D. and Ilham, D. (2021). Education Research Quantitative Analysis for Little Respondents: Comparing of Lisrel, Tetrad, GSCA, Amos, SmartPLS, WarpPLS, and SPSS. Jurnal Studi Guru dan Pembelajaran, 4(2), pp.335–350.
Purwanto, A. and Sudargini, Y. (2021). Partial Least Squares Structural Squation Modeling (PLS-SEM) Analysis for Social and Management Research : A Literature Review. Journal of Industrial Engineering & Management Research, 2(4), pp.114–123. doi:https://doi.org/10.7777/jiemar.v2i4.
Rahmadani, V.G., Schaufeli, W.B., Ivanova, T.Y. and Osin, E.N. (2019). Basic psychological need satisfaction mediates the relationship between engaging leadership and work engagement: A cross?national study. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 30(4), pp.453–471. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.21366.
Reig-Botella, A., Ramos-Villagrasa, P.J., Fernández-del Río, E. and Clemente, M. (2024). Don’t Curb Your Enthusiasm! The Role of Work Engagement in Predicting Job Performance. Revista de psicologi?a del trabajo y de las organizaciones/Revista de psicología del trabajo y de las organizaciones, 40(1), pp.51–60. doi:https://doi.org/10.5093/jwop2024a5.
Silva, L.S.C.V. da, Kaczam, F., Dantas, A. de B. and Janguia, J.M. (2021). Startups: a systematic review of literature and future research directions. Revista de Ciências da Administração, 23(60), pp.118–133. doi:https://doi.org/10.5007/2175-8077.2021.e80666.
Tebai, Y., Maharani, D.A., Sunarwinadi, I.R.S. and Rahardjo, A. (2018). Cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric properties of a Mutual Understanding Scale (MUS) – Indonesia version. Journal of Stomatology, 71(4), pp.315–321. doi:https://doi.org/10.5114/jos.2018.83404.
Ugwu, F.O. and Onyishi, I.E. (2020). The moderating role of person-environment fit on the relationship between perceived workload and work engagement among hospital nurses. International Journal of Africa Nursing Sciences, 13, p.100225. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijans.2020.100225.
World Intellectual Property Organization (2024). Indonesia ranking in the Global Innovation Index 2024. [online] www.wipo.int. Available at: https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/indonesia.
Zeng, N., Liu, Y., Gong, P., Hertogh, M. and König, M. (2021). Do right PLS and do PLS right: A critical review of the application of PLS-SEM in construction management research. Frontiers of Engineering Management, 8(3), pp.356–369. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s42524-021-0153-5.
Published
2025-10-20
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Original Articles
Copyright (c) 2025 Dyvanka Rahma, Arsyadhira Adjani Wiyono, Agustian Budi Prasetya
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