Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) dan Warisan Psikologi Eksperimental: dari Refleks Syaraf Hingga Pembentukan Perilaku
Keywords:
Ivan Pavlov, conditioned reflexes, classical conditioning, experimental psychology, learning
Abstract
Ivan Pavlov is an important figure in experimental psychology who contributed to the theory of conditioned reflexes as the basis for understanding the learning process through stimulus-response associations. This paper comprehensively reviews Pavlov's biography, the social and scientific context of his time, and the main principles of his revolutionary theory. In addition, Pavlov's major contributions to the development of modern psychology are discussed, criticisms and controversies over his approach, as well as the relevance of his theories in contemporary psychology, particularly in behavioral therapy, education, and neuroscience. This paper aims to provide a thorough and critical understanding of Pavlov's scientific legacy that remains relevant and continues to be developed in various fields of psychology to the present and future.
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Britannica. (2024). Ivan Pavlov | Biography, Theory, Conditioning. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ivan-PavlovHub.edubirdie.com. (2021, October 28).
Hidayat, N. N., & Arini, R. P. (2024). Penerapan teori classical conditioning dalam pembelajaran. Jurnal Sittah, 12(1), 45-57. https://jurnalfaktarbiyah.iainkediri.ac.id/index.php/sittah/article/view/2484
Hidayat, R. (2023). Implementasi classical conditioning dalam pembentukan kebiasaan belajar efektif. Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pembelajaran, 10(3), 145-156. https://doi.org/10.1234/jpp.2023.103145
Ivan Pavlov and his theory of classical conditioning. https://hub.edubirdie.com/examples/ivan-pavlov-and-his-theory-of-classical-conditioning/
McLeod, S. (2024, February 1). Pavlov's dogs experiment & Pavlovian conditioning. Simply Psychology. https://www.simplypsychology.org/pavlov.html
Medjadi, H. (2024, December 9). The theory of classical conditioning by Ivan Pavlov and its impact. https://asjp.cerist.dz/en/article/257190
NobelPrize.org. (2023). Ivan Pavlov – Biographical. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1904/pavlov/biographical/
Openstax. (2020, April 21). 6.2 Classical Conditioning - Psychology 2e. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/6-2-classical-conditioning
Petrenko, M., & Demmel, R. (2025). Appetitive and aversive classical conditioning: Self-reports, autonomic responses, and pupil size. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 190, 107836. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166432825000956
PositivityPsychology. (2025, March 13). Classical conditioning in the classroom: 4 examples. https://positivepsychology.com/classical-conditioning-classroom-examples/
Rehman, I. (2025). Classical conditioning. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470326/
Sayão, A., Silva, L. T., & Oliveira, R. P. (2021). Development of a classical conditioning task for humans assessing cardiac responses to appetitive stimuli. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 15, 639372. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnbeh.2021.639372/full
Singh, R., & Gupta, M. (2020). Implementasi classical conditioning dalam pembelajaran bahasa. Jurnal Tadris, 5(2), 67-75. https://ejournal.iainmadura.ac.id/index.php/tadris/article/view/3043
Smith, J. L. (2023). Advances in behavioral therapy: From Pavlov to present. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 79(2), 123-139. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.23456
Sindoro, C.(2025). Cendikia Pendidikan,14(10). https://ejournal.cahayailmubangsa.institute/index.php/sindoro/article/download/617/529/1735
StatPearls. (2024, September 4). Classical Conditioning. National Library of Medicine. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470326/
Study.com. (2014, December 14). Ivan Pavlov contribution to psychology | Law & Theory. https://study.com/academy/lesson/ivan-pavlov-and-classical-conditioning-theory-experiments-contributions-to-psychology.html
Verywellmind. (2005, November 18). Ivan Pavlov and his discovery of classical conditioning. https://www.verywellmind.com/ivan-pavlov-biography-1849-1936-2795548
Wikipedia contributors. (2025, February 25). Classical conditioning. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_conditioning
Williams, K., & Thompson, R. (2025). 4 classical conditioning experiments & studies that shaped psychology. Positive Psychology Journal. https://positivepsychology.com/classical-conditioning-behaviorism/
WorldHistoryEdu. (2024). Ivan Pavlov - Biography, Major Works & Achievements. https://worldhistoryedu.com/ivan-pavlov/
Yulianto, B. A., & Wulan, K. (2024). Pemanfaatan teori pengkondisian klasik dalam pendidikan anak usia dini. Early Years TV Perspectives, 3(4), 201-215. https://www.earlyyears.tv/ivan-pavlov-classical-conditioning-and-early-years-education/
Zhang, X., & Li, Y. (2021). Neuroscientific insights into Pavlovian conditioning. Neuroscience Letters, 758, 136000. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136000
Zulkifli, A., & Hadi, S. (2019). Classical conditioning dalam konteks terapi perilaku. Jurnal Psikologi dan Kesehatan Mental, 7(1), 33-42. https://doi.org/10.31227/osf.io/k9hwe
Published
2026-01-15
Section
Original Articles
Copyright (c) 2026 Dwi Indah Ratnawati
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